Now add the social conditioning. Massey and Denton American Apartheid demonstrate that we USA live in highly segregated communities, so if children are being exposed to people similar as themselves then this tends to feed into the natural inclination to categorize. Next, children and adults are exposed to stereotypes which are generalized and distorted information about groups…this lends to the negative feelings towards the out groups…all these processes work together to support prejudice and racism.
Perhaps that may come subsequently from a child learning values and beliefs from the media, family, teachers, role models, and so forth. Socialization is an imperative vehicle that drives the aforementioned. Roete asserts that, though categorization is a fundamental human process, the properties that we assign a category are variable to the ideas we hold about its constituents — thus leading to prejudice.
As such, ideology is of only minor significance in the formation prejudice. This seems to me a distinction without any difference. What are ideas, if not the foundation of ideology? How can one form opinions about complex societies without ideology?
Of course, one cannot have an intricate set of prejudices without ideology. Furthermore, the cultivation of positive ideas about something, rather than negative ones, would not be reducing prejudice, but merely rebalancing it — and a fundamentally ideological exercise in itself.
Ideology is not a artificial, superimposed structure, nor a series of deliberate, conscious ideations. But instead a complex web of understandings of the social world, every bit as organic as the need to categorize. As such ideology and categorization exist in tandem, not in isolation. Humans are selective, biase,and prejudicial.
This is categorically true. BUT, there not necessarily racist. These are personal preferences; they only become racist when used to hurt another person or group of people.
They are simply uncomfortable with differences contrary to what they consider normal or good. Prejudices are a natural response and can be both beneficial and damaging depending on the action taken. Racism is elevating ones own race above another simply because other races are viewed, as a whole, less valued and less human. The comments above are more interesting and reasoned than the actual research!
To argue that prejudice is resulting from a human instinct to categorise, and nothing else, is fundamentally flawed. Saul McLeod , published A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude affective, behavioral and cognitive , whereas discrimination just involves behavior.
Conformity could also be used as an explanation of prejudice if you get stuck writing a psychology essay see below. Apartheid literally "separateness" was a system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from to Non-white people where prevented from voting and lived in separate communities. Later, the Jews were placed in concentration camps by the Nazis. In Western societies, while women are often discriminated against in the workplace, men are often discriminated against in the home and family environments.
For instance after a divorce women receive primary custody of the children far more often than men. Women on average earn less pay than men for doing the same job.
Influences that cause individuals to be racist or sexist, for example, may come from peers, parents, and group membership. To rule this out, the researchers took advantage of the fact that male rhesus monkeys leave their childhood groups once they reach reproductive age.
This allowed the researchers to pair familiar outsider faces monkeys that had recently left the group with less familiar insider faces monkeys that had recently joined the group.
When presented with these pairs, the monkeys continued to stare longer at outsider faces, even though they were more familiar with them. The monkeys were clearly making distinctions based on group membership. Mahajan and her team also devised a method for figuring out whether the monkeys harbor negative feelings towards outsiders. For humans, the IAT is a computer-based task that measures unconscious biases by determining how quickly we associate different words e.
For the rhesus monkeys, the researchers paired the photos of insider andoutsider monkeys with either good things, such as fruits, or bad things, such as spiders.
When an insider face was paired with fruit, or an outsider face was paired with a spider, the monkeys quickly lost interest. But when an insider face was paired with a spider, the monkeys looked longer at the photographs. Presumably, the monkeys found it confusing when something good was paired with something bad. This suggests that monkeys not only distinguish between insiders and outsiders, they associate insiders with good things and outsiders with bad things.
Overall, the results support an evolutionary basis for prejudice. Some researchers believe prejudice is unique to humans, since it seems to depend on complex thought processes.
For example, past studies have found that people are likely to display prejudice after being reminded of their mortality , or after receiving a blow to their self-esteem.
Scapegoating is an example of a specific type of prejudice. A person or group can be blamed for the sins or wrongs of another person or group. For example, in s Nazi Germany, Jews were made scapegoats for the country's economic difficulties.
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